Chlorophyll is the most dominant plant pigment, essential for photosynthesis, and largely determines the spectral reflectance of healthy vegetation. Its higher concentration often overshadows the detection of other pigments like carotenoids. Carotenoids (C40H56O2), being an accessory light absorbing pigment, is the second most abundant plant pigment. They comprise several constituents, including β-carotene, xanthophylls, lutein, violaxanthin, and neoxanthin, which play a Continue Reading »

Over the past decade, the availability of satellite data and maps through online repositories and geoportals has increased significantly. Leading data-generating organizations are now making their vast repositories openly accessible to the public. This shift has greatly enhanced the utilization of geospatial data in planning, governance, and decision-making processes. However, while the abundance of data presents numerous opportunities, it also Continue Reading »

Ashish Joshi, Suresh Kannaujiya, Shefali Agarwal, R. S. Chatterjee and R. P. Singh Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is the flow of groundwater from land to sea that occurs in the sub-surface. Groundwater seeps from the surface through aquifers and when the water level in the aquifer is higher than sea level, the water flows into the ocean. SGD can occur Continue Reading »

Shuchita Srivastava , Abhinav Sharma and  Debashish Mitra Forest Fire is one of the major emission sources of gaseous air pollutants like carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOC) etc. Satellite remote sensing has been instrumental in providing observation of active fire counts and different atmospheric pollutants. Prevailing dry conditions and rainfall deficit during the spring season Continue Reading »

Fog is a cloud of tiny water droplets that forms at ground level and is thick enough to limit horizontal visibility to less than 1 kilometre. The presence of heavy and extended periods of fog in the Indo-Gangetic Plains is one of the major weather hazards, impacting road transportation, aviation, the economy and public life in general. So, it is Continue Reading »